West European Studies

THE APLOLOGY
Who Brought Socrates to trial and on what charges
 
Three men brought Socrate to charge Anytus, Meletus and Lyon were the people who charged the Socrate. And they charged the Socrates because they did not believe in the official gods of the city but rather invented his own gods, and that he had corrupted the Athenian youth to believe as he did.

Socrates with calm defiance not only dealt with the charges but also used the trail as yet another opportunity to explain the truth seeking mission to which his life had been devoted.
         
He was also accused of being a sophist (a teacher of public speaking)

How did Socrates use the oracle of Apollo to demonstrate his innocence

Socrates used the oracle of Apollo he found out that the men most in repute were nearly the most foolish and that others less esteemed were nearly closer to wisdom.

How did Socrates answer the charge of irreligion
Socrates said that men are the wisest. That wisdom is in truth worth nothing and
He believes in one God who is above all nature that created the sun and moon.

Which of Socrates statements do you think served to turn the court against him
   
He stated that he will deal first with the old falsehoods that created the prejudice that are the real cause of the current charges against him.

Where are there are elements of arte in Socrates Speech Where are there elements of hubris in his self defense
     
There were elements of arte in his speech he was being interrupted by the noises
From the crowd, as he directly defies the citys power in stating that he will
Never alter his ways.

6. Describe Socrates View of virtue.     A man should look for wisdom first before he looks to his private interests and look to the state before he looks to the interest of the state and that this should be the order which he should observe.

7. What was the voice Socrates speaks of        This was the voice that has constantly been in the habit of opposing the Socrates
        even about trifles.
8.   How did Socrates understand death
      Socrates did not look at death as an evil thing he said that he has this conclusive
      Proof the customary sign would surely have opposed me had I been going to evil
      and not to be good.
      Socrates saw death as a good for one or two things either death is a state of
      nothingness and utter unconsciousness or as men say there is a change and
      migration of the soul from this world to another.

THE REPUBLIC
Who Would Rule the republic ( why)
Plato would rule the Republic.
     
Why  Because he had grown up in an atmosphere of war and revolution. In 404 B.C he had seen the discredited Athenian democracy go down in ruin at the end of the Peloponnesian war. He had looked to a government by chosen aristocrats to restore order and justice, only to be disillusioned by the incompetence of those installed.

What were the desired qualities for the Guardians How were they to be trained
The Guardians were authoritarian and their function was custodianship and not leadership. The guardians would work to preserve values, not only bring about change.

The Guardians must have intelligence and ability and also must look upon the common wealth as their special concern. The sort of concern that is fast for something so closely bound up with one self that its Interests and fortunes, for good or ill, are held to be identical with ones own.

The Guardians must be those men who are found to be full of Zeal to do whatever they believe is for good of the commonwealth and never willing to act against its interest.

How were they to be trained
They were suppose to watch them from earliest childhood and set them tasks in which they would be most likely to forget or to be guided out of this duty. Then later choose only those whose memory holds firm and who proof against delusion.

They were to subject them to ordeals of toil and pain and watch them. They were to be brought into terrifying situations and then into scenes of pleasure, which will put them severe proof than Gold tried in the furnace.

3. Describe the role and status of women in the republic
Women in the republic were considered the weaker sex in the republic. One
woman was fitted by nature to be a guardian because of the qualities which were needed to be a guardian in the republic. Women in the republic were selected according to the duties of Guardian of the men of the same type, since they are competent and of a like nature.

The wives of the Guardians were suppose to strip for exercise since they will be clothed with virtue and they must take their share in war and in other social duties of guardianship.

They are to have no other occupation and in these duties the lighter part must fall to women, because of the weakness of their sex.

Explain the allegory of the cave.
This was a parable that defines how the cave looks like Men who were to live in a cave in a sort of cavernous character chamber underground with an entrance open to the light and a long passage all down the cave. Now here they have been from childhood, chained by the leg and also by the neck, so that they cannot move and can see only what is in front of them because the chains will not let them turn their heads. At some distance Higher up is the light of a fire burning behind them and between the prisoners and the fire is a track with a parapet built along it, like the screen at a puppet show which hides the performance while they show their puppet over the top.

ETHICS
1. Definition of the Good.         The Good can be well defined as the good is that at which everything aims.

2. What is Aristotles definition of the Good
According to Aristotles definition of the good can be said is that every art  and  every kind of Inquiry, and likewise every art and every kind of inquiry and likewise every act and purpose, seems to aim at some good, but a difference is observable among these aims or ends. What is aimed at is sometimes the exercise of a faculty, sometimes a certain result beyond the act there the result is better than the exercise of the faculty.
   
What examples of this are offered
Health is the end of medicine
Ships for Shipbuilding
Victory of the art of war
Wealth of economy
Art of war
The art of horsemanship
Making of bridles
Rhetoric
In Building a house

C) In what ways is this system hierarchical     The system  of good is well hierarchical in politics because it prescribes which of the sciences a state needs, and which each man shall study and up to what point and to it we see subordinated even the highest arts such as economy, rhetoric and the art of war.

Even Though this good is the same for the individual and the state, yet the good of state seems a grander more perfect thing both to attain and secure and glad as one would be to do this service for a single individual to do it for a people and for a number of states is nobler and more divine.

2. ACTING IN ACCORDANCE WITH REASON         a. How did Aristotle prove that happiness is the best thing in the world
 
Aristotle has proved that happiness is the best thing in the world because for we always choose it for itself, and never for the sake of something else.

And further happiness is believed to be the most desirable thing in the world and that not merely as among other good things so that other things could be added to it. It is plain that the addition of the least of other goods must make it more desirable.

So happiness is something final and self- sufficient and is the end of all that man does.
b. Describe Aristotles view of the two sides of rational nature in humans.     According to Aristotles view of rational nature is that humans have a function to do, may be in carving, cobbler or business and they must do it to the best in order for them to progress in life and that function he has not be assigned by nature to do it. Besides that man has some functions that is above all these and that is life and that is what man has in common with plants but the difference is that man does not need growth and nutrition.

Another difference is that a man has been given the life of sense and the man shares it with horses and cattle and all kinds of animals.

c) What is meant by the good of man       The good of man is exercise of his facilities in accordance with excellence or virtue or if there be more than one, in accordance with the best and most complete virtue.

HAPPINESS AND THE CHANGE OF FORTUNE
a. Explain Aristotle prove that happiness is the best thing in the world
A happy man is well described or should have the following characteristics
       
Property of performance and all through life will preserve his character for he will be occupied continually, or with the least possible interruptions in excellent deeds and excellent speculations and whatever his fortune be, he will take it in the noblest function and bear himself always and in all things suitably, since he is truly good four square without a flaw.

A happy man is one who exercises his facilities in accordance with perfect excellence, being duly furnished with external goods, not for any chance time, but for a full term of years to which perhaps we should add, and who shall continue to live so and shall die as he lived, since the future is veiled to us, but happiness we take to be the end and in all ways perfectly final or complete.

4.  What was the reason for this inquiry
In order to become good, for otherwise it would profit us nothing.

b) How did Aristotle view excess
In the case of strength Aristotle view excess as, too much and too little exercise
alike destroy strength and take too much meat and drink, or to take too little, is
equally ruinous to health, but the fitting amount produces and increases and
preserves them.

VIRTUE AND VIRTUOUS ACTION
a) Why are the moral Virtues 1Q analogous to the arts
Moral virtues are analogous to the arts a man must be in a certain state of mind
when he is doing something. He must know what he is doing.
He must choose it for itself.
His act must be the expression of a formed and stable character.
of all this conditions only one is important knowledge is necessary for the
possession of any art but for the possession of the virtues knowledge is of little or no avail.

b) How does one become just and Virtuous
By doing what is just a man becomes just, and temperate by doing what is temperate without doing this he has no chances of ever becoming good.

MORAL VIRTUE THE DOCTRINE OF THE MEAN
a. What is Aristotles definition of virtue

Virtues are habits or practiced traits of character. It is also a trait of character.
Virtue then is a habit or practiced trait of choice, the characteristics of which lies in observing the mean relatively to the persons concerned and which is guided by reason that is by the judgment of the prudent man.
   
b. What is meant by the mean In what way is the mean related to Virtue
Mean is amount or one that lies between excess and deficiency.
The mean is related to the virtue in this way if ten pounds of food is too much for
a given man to eat, and two pounds too little, it does not follow that the trainer will
order him six ponds, and so we may say generally that a master in any art avoids
what is too much and what is too little and seeks for the mean and chooses it not the
absolute but the relative mean.
   
Every art or science perfects its work by looking at the mean and bringing
Its work up to this standard so virtue therefore, since like nature it is more
Exact and better than any art, must also aim at the mean virtue of course meaning
moral virtue of excellence for it has to do with passions and actions.
As a holding middle position between two vices, one on the side of excess and
other on the side of deficiency.

As aiming at the mean or moderate amount both in feeling and action

c) Why did Aristotle say its hard to be good      Because it is hard to find the middle or the mean it is hard, just as finding the
middle or centre of a circle is a thing that is not within the power of everybody but
only him who has the requisite knowledge. Also anyone can give money away
or spend it, but do these things to the right person to the extent, at the right
manner, is not what everybody can do and is by no means easy.

7. HIGHMINDEDNESS GREATNESS OF THE SOUL
a. What is the greatest of all external good
Honour
b. How does one become high minded What are the characteristics of the high-       minded person
By being wealthy and having power.
           
Characteristics of the high minded
1. He claims much and deserves much
2. He occupies an extreme position
3. He must be a perfectly good or excellent man.
4. He runs along swinging his arms and commits injustice.
5. He is not quick to run into petty dangers and indeed does not love danger,
        since there are few things that he much values.
6. He is never reluctant to ask for favour.
7. He loves to posses beautiful things that bring no profit, rather than useful
       things that pay.
8. His walk should be slow, his voice deep, his speech measured.

THE BEGINNINGS OF CHRISTIANITY
1. What social functions did Jesus Perform
Jesus was teaching in the synagogues and preaching the gospel of the
Kingdom
He was healing every disease and every infirmity among the people.

2. Describe the relationship between the teachings of Jesus and the Hebrew
Bible
Many of Jesus sayings are in fact quotations or adaptations of the older
Hebrew Scriptures. So the Hebrew bible is often described as the essence of
Christian ethical teaching. The sermons delivery on a mountain suggest
Jesus relationship to the Law of Moses, delivered on Mount Sinai.

3. What kind of reward is offered to the faithful
Blessed are those who are persecuted for righteousness sake for theirs is the      kingdom of heaven.

4. What advice is offered to litigants
That you shall not kill and whoever kills shall be liable to judgment. But I say to you that everyone who is angry with his brother shall be liable to the council and whoever says, you fool shall be liable to the hell of fire.

5. Describe Jesus attitude to women, Marriage and Divorce
Jesus said You have heard that it was said, You shall not commit adultery.     But anyone who looks at a woman lustfully has already committed adultery     with her in his heart.
 
Jesus also said that whoever divorces his wife, let him give her a certificate of divorce and he also stated that but i say to you that every one who divorces his wife except on the ground of unchasity, makes her an adulteress and whoever marries a divorced woman commits adultery.

6. How and why is perfection to attained
Perfection can be attained by if ones does bad to you you can forgive him and just  
know that God is watching him or her like.
   
You have heard that it was said, An eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth. But I
say to you, Do not resist one who is evil. But if any one strikes you on the right
chick, turn to him the other also and if any one would sue you and take your coat,
let him have your cloak as well and if any one forces you to go one mile, go with
him two miles. You shall love your neigbour and hate your enemy. But I say to
you, love your enemies and pray for those who persecute you, so that you may be
sons of your father who is in heaven for he makes his sun rise on the evil and on
the good, and sends rain on the just and on the unjust. Therefore we must be
perfect and this is how it is attained.

7.  What is the role of charity in society
-  Helping the poor in the society.
-  They normally prevent and relive poverty
-  They save lives and provide health care
-  They promote arts, science and culture a.
 - They provide education to the disadvantaged people.

8. What innovation in prayer is introduced Why
When you pray do not pray like the hypocrites for they love to stand and pray in the
synagogues and at the street corners, that they may be seen by men. And they
received their reward.

Why When you are praying you should go into your room and shut the door and
pray to your father who is in secret and your father who sees in secret will reward
you and do not heap up empty phrases as the gentiles do for they think that they
will be heard for their many words.
     
9. Why is forgiveness so important
For if you forgive men their trespasses, your heavenly father also will forgive you,
but if you do not forgive men their trespasses neither will you father forgive your
trespasses.

10. What is the altitude towards material things
You should not lay up yourselves treasures on earth, where moth and rust consume
and where thieves break in and steal, but lay up for yourselves treasure in heaven,
where neither moth nor  rust consumes and where thieves do not break in and steal for where your treasure is, there will also be your heart.

11. How can one judge a true prophet from a false one
True prophets are those who are ready to serve the God and can give gifts to the poor and preach the word of God and Preach what the lord said.

False prophets are the ones who come to you in sheeps clothing but inwardly are ravenous wolves and you will know them by their fruits. So every sound tree bears good fruit, but the bad tree bears evil fruits. A sound tree cannot bear evil fruit, nor can a bad tree bear good fruit. Every tree that does not bear good fruit is cut down and thrown into the fire.

12.   Is salvation granted to all How can it be assured
Not everyone is granted salvation and not everyone who says to me lord, Lord     shall enter the kingdom of heaven, but who does the will of my father who is in heaven.

It can be measured- one who hears the word of God and does them, he will be a wise man who built his house upon the rock and the rain fell, and the floods came, and the winds blew and beat upon that house, but it did not fall, because it had been founded on the rock. And everyone who hears these words of mine and does not do them will be like a foolish man who built his house upon the sand, and the rain fell and the floods came and the winds blew and beat against that house and it fell.

9. THE ACT OF THE APOSTLES
1. Describe the ways in which events are compared with Old Testament precedents.
The books talks about the way Jesus began to do and teach, until the day when he was taken up, after he had given commandment through the Holy Spirit to the apostles whom he had given commandment through the Holy Spirit to the apostles whom he had chosen. This book traces the story of the Christian movement from the resurrection of Jesus to the time when the apostle Paul, as a prisoner first traveled to Rome.

2.  What explanation or interpretation is given to the unusual events
That Jesus is the messiah and is calling people to join into the kingdom of the Lord.
3.   How is the argument that Jesus is the Christ presented and defended
The argument is presented this way
     
Men of Israel hear the words, Jesus of Nazareth, a man attested to you by God with mighty works and wonders and signs which God did through him in your midst, as you yourselves know this Jesus, delivered  up according to the definite plan and fore knowledge of God, You crucified and killed by the hands of lawless men.

Jesus died and he rose up and that Jesus was not only the Christ the messiah (anointed saviour who will rule Israel on earth) but also the heavenly Lord.

4. In what ways is the conversion of Saul similar to stories from the old
testament In what ways is the story new
       
The conversion of Saul is similar to the Old is similar to the old testament in that
Saul was told by Jesus to not to persecute him and that he should enter the city and
     
He was to be told what to do. And that he was blind for three days and he stayed
For three days without eating.
The story is new because Saul was able to come to the kingdom of God
     
Immeadetly
He saw the power and strength of Jesus. He was no able to be baptized and took  
 food and was strengthened and later started accompanying  the disciples at Damascus and in the synagogues immediately he proclaimed Jesus, saying  he is the son of God.

PAUL LETTER TO THE CORINTHIANS
What is Pauls attitude towards women and marriage
Concerning women Paul says it is well for a man not to touch a woman. But because of the temptation to immorality each man should have his own wife and each woman her own husband. The husband should give to his wife her conjugal rights, and likewise the wife to her husband. The wife does not rule over his own body, but the husband does, likewise the husband. Do not refuse one another except perhaps by agreement for a season that you may devote yourselves to prayer.

To the unmarried and the widow I say that it is well for them to remain single as I do. But if they cannot exercise self control, they should marry.

To the married I give charge, not I but the lord that the wife should not separate from her husband, but If she does, let her remain single or else be reconciled to her husband and that the husband and that the husband should not divorce his wife.

In the Lords supper section Paul addresses budding problems in church  
organizations and community divisions describe.

The budding problems that Paul addresses in the church are the divisions that exist among the churches members and rivalry cliques, among the churches differences that emerge in the church meets together it is not the Lords supper that they eat and drink.

Paul says that worshipping of Idols is forbidden by the Lord, Idols are nothing to God so worshipping idols is a crime to Jesus Christ.

3. What is the role of love in the Christian view, according to Paul
That love is patient and kind, Love is not jealous or boastful it is not arrogant or rude. Love does not insist on its own way. It is not irritable or resentful. It does not rejoice at wrong, but rejoices in the right. Love bears all things, believes all things hopes all things endures all things. Love never ends as for prophecies, they will pass away.

4. What is the Christian view of the afterlife as described by Paul      Christian should believe and preach that there is resurrection of the dead and they should have faith when they are preaching about resurrection of Christ.

Describe the relationship between Christ and Adam.
Adam was the first man on earth and he became a living being, the last Adam became a life giving spirit, but it is not the spiritual which is first but the physical and then the spiritual. The first man was from the earth a man of dust and the second man is from heaven.

What is Pauls concept of the Saul
Is that flesh and blood cannot inherit the Kingdom of God, nor does the perishable inherit the imperishable and that death is swallowed up in victory.

LETTER TO THE ROMANS
1. What important topics does Paul discuss in his appeal to the Jews
Salutation
God is for every person, without partiality
Salvation through faith alone
Justification through faith by Gods Grace
The Lords supper
Life after death

2. How does Paul reconcile the new doctrines with the Old
He reconciles the new doctrines from the old by referring to the different scriptures of the Old and new.

WEST DOCUMENTS

WEST 1
Where there natural geographic boundaries for Romans empire
No.
How Might a societys concern to maintain order affect the work of its artists and intellectuals
If there is no peace or good atmosphere or working conditions for the artist then the work that they were to accomplish will never be complete because of the lack of good working conditions.

What portions of Romes frontier were most vulnerable to attack
They were some of the Land Trajan had won were too difficult to defend and therefore decided to relinquish it.

WEST 2
Why were all the empires administrative centers (Trier, Milian, Sirmium and Nicomedia) on its northern rim rather than in a central location

Because in the Northern side there was a sea nearby and the only economical means for transporting goods was water. So shipping became easier and very quick.

Because the frontier that needed the largest military investment was the northern line defined by the Rhine and Darute rivers. Communication, Travel and trade for the people who lived within this boundaries facilitated the empires numerous rivers and its great central sea.

Why was the Roma Republic unable to govern an empire
Because the roman Empires resource barely sufficed to met its routine needs and crises caused by invasions, civil wars, plagues or crop failures could push it to the brink of collapse.

The empire was an agrarian state supported by fairly primitive methods of cultivation some plantations and manufacturing industries produced products for the world market but waterways provided the only cost-efficient transportation.

Did Augustus Save the roman republic or destroy it
Augustus destroyed the roman republic
How did the relationship between the military and the civilian elements in society change during the era of the empire

The relationship between the military and the civilian changed because the civilians the wealthier citizen fled its cities, where they where too exposed to the tax collectors and took up permanent residence on their rural estates.

Why might residents of the provinces and ordinary Romans have disagreed with the roman senate on which of Romes emperors were good and which bad

Because most regions could provide themselves with fundamental necessities   so that they could engage themselves in secure trade.

Could the Roman Empire have been saved Yes
Geography helped make Romes empire the ancient words largest and most enduring, a viable entity.

Is government by the people a luxury that one relatively secure societies can afford No
When the government failures to protect its citizen or resources people will have to migrate to secure places where they are very sure they can do good investment and work together.
                     
WEST 3
Edward Gibbon, an important British historian of the eighteenth century, said that the fall of the Roman Empire was brought about by the triumph of barbarism and religion. Is this a fair assessment of Romes decline

Yes. Like in the case of religion many were attracted to the empire in hopes of sharing the benefits of its civilization they came so quickly and in such numbers that the fragile, poorly government empire could not absorb them.

2. How did the eastern half of Romes empire come to differ from the west
why did the two have different fates The east came to differ from the west when their leader Alaric began to press Constantinople for new opportunities for his people. Why Because Milan the seat of the western empire, seemed too vulnerable to siege, so the court moved to Ravenna, a small port on the adnatic.

3. How does Jesus career compare with Muhammad      
Muhammad converted many to Christianity and preached what is good just as Jesus did. Muhammad insisted that the rich had a duty to care for the poor and Jesus also said that the poor must be taken good care by the rich. Just like Jesus Muhammad had no taste at all for wealth or luxury and lived so frugally. Muhammad had come to spread the word of God Just like Jesus did.

How does Christianity compare with Islam How is the church different
From the umma

The church is different from the umma because the members of umma are bound by faith and not blood while the members of the church are bound by faith and blood.

Both claim Hebraic ancestry. Both are monotheistic. Many of the individuals who appear in the bible are also found in the Quran.

More is even said about Christian figures (Jesus mother, the Virgin Mary, for
 example) in the Quran than in the New Testament.

The Quaran praises Jesus as a highly respected prophet. It affirms his virgin
birth (but not his role as an incarnation of God) and describes him performing
some miracles that are not mentioned in the bible.

Why did Religion became the most powerful cultural influence shaping
western societies in the early middle ages

It is because the main responsibility for protecting and policing the society within which the church operated belonged to Romes secular government and that the church could confine itself to a narrowly defined religious mission.

Kings and popes sometimes disagreed as to which powers belonged to which    leader, but the church and state were different entities.
Are Islam and Christianity both western religious
Yes. Because they had the power to levy taxes to support charitable works.

7.  Did geography pose different challenges for the defenders of the eastern and  
western halves of Romes empire Yes.

Given that priestesses were common in the ancient world, why did female
religious leadership decline when the medieval west embraced Christianity and Islam

Because Muhammad had insisted that there would be no more prophets after him, and he said nothing about choosing a new leader for Umma

Given that Islam originated on the periphery of the Roman Empire and
Muslims claimed much of Romes former territory was the Islamic empire a western empire
Yes.

WEST 4

When did the Northern provinces of the Roman Empire cease to be roman and become European What changes mark the transition between the two eras
     
Louis was a well educated man who had he not been destined for a throne,   probably would have chosen a life in the church in childhood he had been  dispatched to the French region of Aquailaine to serve as its titular king. Raised  under the tutelage of a monk, he became a sober man who was appalled by the        moral laxity of his fathers court. One of his first act upon becoming emperor     was to purge the court of everyone (including his sisters) whose conduct was     not up to his strict standards. He believed that the church was also in need of       reform, but was overly deferential to his clerical advisors. When his vassals  realized that their Lord was as weak- willed as he pious, they began to take    liberties. His own sons ultimately turned on him and one another. After Louis died in 840, his three serving sons fought for another three years before agreeing to a settlement of their fathers Europes major nations. In 1843
 
The treaty of Verdun, which ended their war, foreshadowed the emergence of Europes major nations.

Changes
The youngest of Louiss sons, Charles the Bald, became king of western francia.

His brother, Louis the German, got the empires eastern territories and the oldest of the three princes, lothair, claimed the imperial title and a long, narrow kingdom that ran between his brothers realms from the North Sea down the Rhineland to Italy. The new kingdoms represented regions that were already evolving separate ethnic cultures. Evidence for this is preserved in a chronicle that describes a meeting between Louis and Charles at Strasbourg in 842. Each swore on earth in a tongue that the others followers could understand and the text of Louis oath is the specimen of a romance language

What do the careers of Brunhild and fredegund suggest about the roles that other less well documented aristocratic women may have played in medieval politics

Women were very visible figures and had great power. They has the passion and zeal of leadership to the extend of killing other men so that they could reign power.

Does Geography work for or against the formation of a continental European state Geography works for a formation of a continental European.

What challenges did geography pose for the defense of the European continent
1. Poor communication  
2. Political fragmentation
3. Tradition and customs

How did the problems that brought down the Merovingian dynasty differ from the problems that caused the fall of Romes dynasties

Merovingian downfall was caused by rivalry between Austiasia and Newstisia where Queen brunhild of Austiasia and queen fredegund of neustiasias was characterized by fredgund was against each other, using their kings.

The carolingzan downfall was due to misunderstanding between the kingship and Christianity. After the line of western emperors cased in 476, the Bishops of Rome looked to the eastern emperors for protection. Byzantine emperors and popes quarreled over doctrine, and the military assistance that Constantinople could offer Rome steadily diminished as Lombards moved into the Italy. In seventh century some popes had courted Frankish rulers in the hopes of winning their help but the franks were reluctant to be dawn into war with the Lombards. In 751 Lombards conquered Ravenna, constantineples major base in haly, and the danger they posed to Rome increased. Papin was reluctant to fight the Lombards because his two daughters were married to them, but he finally took his army to Italy, drove the Lombards back from Rome, and ceded the lands that he liberated to the pope.

How did Charlemagnes empire differ from the realm of the Roman   emperors whose title he claimed
Because he came to control most of the Western Europe. Most of Charlemagne were aimed at winning German territory. He focused on unifying Eastern Europe. His leadership was characterized by military conquests leading to the expansion of his territory.

At times, he is also seen to negotiate with other leaders such as Constantinople rather than forcing his way. He was a deunting man who could physically intimidate his subordinates or seduce then with gifts, as the situation warranted.

Why were medievial Europeans unable to sustain progress toward a continental empire
Because after Louis died in 840 his three successors his son, fought one another for three years before agreeing to a settlement of their father estate. The treaty of verdum, which ended their was, foreshadowed the emergence of Europes majors nations. This was due to division of the empire into three parts I.e. Western francia, Eastern territories and North Sea down the Rhveland to Italy. The latter kingdom was divided among lothairs heirs and eventually disappeared and invasion also let to further flagmentation and lapse of the emperor. The Vikings attacked them from the north, while Muslims renewed their attacks from the south. The aghlabids began conquest of Sicily. Which was still Byzantine territory. The Carolingian states were poorly equipped to conter simultaneous attacks on multiple fronts, for they had little infrastructure to support on multiple fronts, for they had division and attacks distressed progress towards a continental empire.

How did Europeans adapt politically and economically to the Carolingian empire and its decline
The Carolingian empire affected the Europeans both politically and economically, the minting of coins dwindled drastically following the decline of the Roman Empire, and there was little money in circulation. Therefore, yulas in early medieval Europe did not collect most of their taxes in coin and pay their official salaries from a public treasury. Agriculture was practiced in dry soil of Middle East and the Mediterranean shores, the methods used did not translate well to northern Europe farmers in France, Britain and Germany had to contred with heavy, wet soil and short growing seasons. In the south where the ground was easy to break up a simple sketch plow was used while in the Northern Europeans fields a much heavier animal deawn wheeled plow was used.

Medivial farmers developed new methods as well as new tools to enhance their productivity. Fertilizers were used to maintain fertility in the field follow was used so that can rested for season, land was divided into thirds and each planted at a different time this reduced non productive plowing medieval peasant farmers lived on manors and that many owned property outright.
 
Politically land paid his vessals by giving them the use of fiefs once a vessal had fiet in his possession however it was hard for his land to reclaim it. If the vessel had an heir who could perform the tasks for with his fiet had been granted, the easiest thing was to pass it to him. A fiefs purpose was to support a soldiers. If the land was a minor, the lord obtained by making the boy the ward of a man who could provide knight service for him.

If the heir was a female, the lord could require has to marry a man of her choice. If the family died out fief returned to the lord who originally granted, Medieval political and social arrangements had deep roots in the Roman and German posts                  

How did the civilization of early medieval differ from the classical civilization of the ancient Greeks and Romans Was it at all similar

Civilization of early medieval Europe differed from classical civilization of the ancient Greeks and Romans, activities. These activities included building of monasteries where people were taught so as to get a formal education. This was because the church was in a particularly lamentable condition, for many clergy were illiterate, village priests were often peasants without formal education. Monesteies and   cathedoals were ordered to establish schools and the objective was to rescue literacy so that Europeans could access the intellectual legacy of the ancient world. An educational curriculum divided into seven liberal acts was designed. It reformed the liturgy of the church by building on Roman customs that it believed went back to the generation of pope.

Geigory the Great. He integiated information from their tribal oral traditions with classicism literary legacy and their understanding of the Christian faith. Early medieval was neither characterized by literacy nor Christianity.

Civilization of early medieval Europe and classical civilization of the ancient Greeks and Romans cannot be said be said to be similar.